????

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????: ?????????????
???: ?????
??: Jerusalem
????; ????: ?????????????; ???: ?????; ??: Jerusalem
	????? ??
??	??
	???? class=notpageimage\| ?? 31° 47′ 00″ ?? 35° 13′ 00″? / ??? 31.783333° ?? 35.216667°
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??	6,183 km2
??	630 m
???	IST (UTC+2); IDT (UTC+3)
??
??	933,200?(2012?)
?? ??	6,183?/km2
?? ??	1,700,000?
?? ??
????	+972
????	02
????	jerusalem.muni.il

百度孙亚芳自1999年起任公司董事长，2017年中国最杰出商界女性排行榜中，孙亚芳排行第二。

????(????: ????????????? ?????, ???: ????? ????^[*], ??: Jerusalem, ???: ???)? ????? ?? ????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? 3? ???? ??? ??? ???, ???, ????? ????.

????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.

??

????? ????? "??? ??"? ???. ????? '?????'(Yerushalaim)??? ???? ????.

??? ??? ????(al-Quds)? ???? "???"? ???.^[1] ?????? ??? 9??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????.

??

????? ??? ???? ? 28km ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? 780m? ????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? 3000? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.

??

???? ?? ??

?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? 18????? ??? ??? ? ??^[2]. ??? 1550-1200??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????^[3]. ???? ?? EA 287?? ??-??? ??? ? ???(Labaya)? "??? Habiru / ??? Apiru"?? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ?? 1? (r. 1290-1279 BCE)? ??? 2? (r. 1279-1213 BCE) ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????^[4]. ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??^[5]^[6].

?? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[7]

??? ???, ??? 10???, ?? ?? ??? ??? '??? ?'?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? '??? ?'?? ???? ?? (???? 5,7: ????11, 4-7: ???? 8, 7). ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?, ????? ???? ????? ??? ???(???? 2, 4: 5, 3). ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??(???? 6-8). ???? ??? ???(BC 925?, ??? ??.) ????? ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??(南朝) ?? ??? ??? ???? ??.

?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? '???_{Low Chronology}' ????.^[8]^[9]^:59–61 ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???(??, ???, ??? ???)? ??? 10??? ?? ??? 9??? ???? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? 10??~9??? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] ??, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???.^[14]^[15]^[16] ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???, ????? ??? 11-10??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 11-10??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[17]^[18]

?????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??. ??? 7~8??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? 35:3? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????.^[19] ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??.^[20] ?? ????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ? ??.

?? ??

??? 587? ??????? ??????? 2?(??? ?????)?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??? 537? ???? ? ??? 2??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? 63? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? 37? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????. 70?, 135?? ? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???? '???? ??'? ??. 4??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????.

??

638? ??? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????. 1099? ?1? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???. 1187? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????. 1260? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.

??? ??

1516? ??? ??? ?? 1?? ????? ???? 400? ?? ?????. ???? 1? ???? 1538?? ????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???? ???? ????? 19?? ???? ???, ????, ???, ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. 1? ?? ?? 1917? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????.

???? ??

1948? ????? ???? ?????(????)? ?????(?????)?? ?????. 1967? 6? ?3? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. 1980? 7? 30? ???? ??? ???? ??? "??? ? ?? ????? ??? ??"? ??? 《????? ?? ????? ?? ???》? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??. 1980? 8? 20?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?478?(?? 14, ?? 0, ?? 1(??))? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??. ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??.

??

???? (1991?~2020?)? ??
?	1?	2?	3?	4?	5?	6?	7?	8?	9?	10?	11?	12?	??
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	24.4 (75.9)	27.5 (81.5)	32.7 (90.9)	35.6 (96.1)	38.6 (101.5)	38.4 (101.1)	40.6 (105.1)	44.4 (111.9)	42.7 (108.9)	36.5 (97.7)	30.5 (86.9)	28.5 (83.3)	44.4 (111.9)
??? ?? ?? °C (°F)	12.7 (54.9)	14.0 (57.2)	17.4 (63.3)	22.0 (71.6)	26.2 (79.2)	28.6 (83.5)	30.0 (86.0)	30.3 (86.5)	28.9 (84.0)	25.9 (78.6)	19.9 (67.8)	14.9 (58.8)	22.6 (72.6)
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	9.8 (49.6)	10.7 (51.3)	13.4 (56.1)	17.3 (63.1)	21.2 (70.2)	23.5 (74.3)	25.0 (77.0)	25.3 (77.5)	24.0 (75.2)	21.6 (70.9)	16.4 (61.5)	11.9 (53.4)	18.3 (65.0)
??? ?? ?? °C (°F)	6.7 (44.1)	7.3 (45.1)	9.5 (49.1)	12.5 (54.5)	16.2 (61.2)	18.3 (64.9)	20.0 (68.0)	20.2 (68.4)	19.1 (66.4)	17.3 (63.1)	12.9 (55.2)	8.8 (47.8)	14.1 (57.3)
?? ?? ?? °C (°F)	?6.7 (19.9)	?2.5 (27.5)	?0.3 (31.5)	0.8 (33.4)	7.6 (45.7)	11.0 (51.8)	14.6 (58.3)	15.5 (59.9)	13.2 (55.8)	9.8 (49.6)	1.8 (35.2)	?0.4 (31.3)	?6.7 (19.9)
?? ??? mm (??)	136.8 (5.39)	117.9 (4.64)	67.2 (2.65)	21.8 (0.86)	7.1 (0.28)	0.3 (0.01)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.7 (0.03)	10.3 (0.41)	51.1 (2.01)	112.3 (4.42)	525.5 (20.7)
?? ???? (≥ 1 mm)	9.2	8.5	6.2	2.4	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.9	4.7	7.7	41.6
?? ?? ?? (%)	61	59	52	39	35	37	40	40	40	42	48	56	46
?? ?? ????	192.9	243.6	226.3	266.6	331.7	381.0	384.4	365.8	309.0	275.9	228.0	192.2	3,397.4
?? 1: ???? ???^[21]^[22]
?? 2: ?? ?????^[23]^[24]

????

??

↑ “al-Quds” (??). 2024? 11? 22?? ???.
↑ Nadav Na?aman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., p. 180.
↑ Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts, Simon and Schuster 2002 p. 239.
↑ Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp. 5–6.
↑ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
↑ Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5
↑ Geva, Hillel [in Hebrew]; De Groot, Alon (2017). "The City of David Is Not on the Temple Mount After All". Israel Exploration Journal. 67 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 32–49. JSTOR 44474016.
↑ Andrew Tobolowsky, "Israelite and Judahite History in Contemporary Theoretical Approaches", Currents in Biblical Research (2018), pg. 40
↑ Thomas, Zachary (2016? 4? 22?). “Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come”. 《Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture》 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.
↑ Lipschits, Oded (2014). 〈The history of Israel in the biblical period〉. Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. 《The Jewish Study Bible》 (??) 2?. Oxford University Press. 2107–2119?. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of “united monarchy” is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called “Israel.”
↑ Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 《The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Stories》. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.
↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 《The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC, Band 1》. New York: Routledge. 438?. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8.
↑ Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). “David, King of Judah (not Israel)”. 《The Bible and Interpretation》. 2019? 5? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 6? 1?? ???.
↑ Amihai Mazar, “Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein” Levant (1997), pp. 157–167
↑ Amihai Mazar, “The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the Southern Levant” in (eds. Lvy & Higman) The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text, and Science (2005), pp. 15–30
↑ Raz Kletter, "Chronology and United Monarchy: A Methodological Review", Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pal?stina-Vereins (2004), pp. 13–54
↑ Thomas, Zachary (2016? 4? 22?). “Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come”. 《Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture》 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.
↑ Lester Grabbe, Ancient Israel, 2017, pg. 84
↑ Ariel David (2017? 8? 30?). “The Real Ark of the Covenant may have Housed Pagan Gods”. 《Haaretz》.
↑ Thomas R?mer, The Invention of God (Harvard University Press, 2015), 93.
↑ “Long Term Climate Information for Israel”. 2016? 8?. 2010? 9? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
↑ “Record Data in Israel”. 2010? 1? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
↑ “WMO Climate Normals for Jerusalem 1991–2020”. ?? ?????. 2023? 11? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 10? 25?? ???.
↑ “Jerusalem Climate Normals 1961–1990”. ?? ?????. 2018? 11? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 4? 26?? ???.

?? ??

????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

????? ? ??
??? ??? ????.

????(??)

???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??

(????/???/??/????) ???? ? ?? ????

[1] “al-Quds” (??). 2024? 11? 22?? ???.

[2] Nadav Na?aman, Canaan in the 2nd Millennium B.C.E., p. 180.

[3] Israel Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts, Simon and Schuster 2002 p. 239.

[4] Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp. 5–6.

[5] Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)

[6] Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5

[7] Geva, Hillel [in Hebrew]; De Groot, Alon (2017). "The City of David Is Not on the Temple Mount After All". Israel Exploration Journal. 67 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 32–49. JSTOR 44474016.

[8] Andrew Tobolowsky, "Israelite and Judahite History in Contemporary Theoretical Approaches", Currents in Biblical Research (2018), pg. 40

[Zachary-9] Thomas, Zachary (2016? 4? 22?). “Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come”. 《Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture》 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.

[lipschits-10] Lipschits, Oded (2014). 〈The history of Israel in the biblical period〉. Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. 《The Jewish Study Bible》 (??) 2?. Oxford University Press. 2107–2119?. ISBN 978-0-19-997846-5. As this essay will show, however, the premonarchic period long ago became a literary description of the mythological roots, the early beginnings of the nation and the way to describe the right of Israel on its land. The archeological evidence also does not support the existence of a united monarchy under David and Solomon as described in the Bible, so the rubric of “united monarchy” is best abandoned, although it remains useful for discussing how the Bible views the Israelite past. [...] Although the kingdom of Judah is mentioned in some ancient inscriptions, they never suggest that it was part of a unit comprised of Israel and Judah. There are no extrabiblical indications of a united monarchy called “Israel.”

[Finkelstein2001-11] Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). 《The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Stories》. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.

[Kuhrtp438-12] Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). 《The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC, Band 1》. New York: Routledge. 438?. ISBN 978-0-41516-762-8.

[bibleinterp.com-13] Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). “David, King of Judah (not Israel)”. 《The Bible and Interpretation》. 2019? 5? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 6? 1?? ???.

[14] Amihai Mazar, “Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein” Levant (1997), pp. 157–167

[15] Amihai Mazar, “The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the Southern Levant” in (eds. Lvy & Higman) The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text, and Science (2005), pp. 15–30

[16] Raz Kletter, "Chronology and United Monarchy: A Methodological Review", Zeitschrift des Deutschen Pal?stina-Vereins (2004), pp. 13–54

[Zachary2-17] Thomas, Zachary (2016? 4? 22?). “Debating the United Monarchy: Let's See How Far We've Come”. 《Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture》 46 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1177/0146107916639208. ISSN 0146-1079. S2CID 147053561.

[:0-18] Lester Grabbe, Ancient Israel, 2017, pg. 84

[David2-19] Ariel David (2017? 8? 30?). “The Real Ark of the Covenant may have Housed Pagan Gods”. 《Haaretz》.

[20] Thomas R?mer, The Invention of God (Harvard University Press, 2015), 93.

[21] “Long Term Climate Information for Israel”. 2016? 8?. 2010? 9? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??.

[22] “Record Data in Israel”. 2010? 1? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??.

[23] “WMO Climate Normals for Jerusalem 1991–2020”. ?? ?????. 2023? 11? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 10? 25?? ???.

[24] “Jerusalem Climate Normals 1961–1990”. ?? ?????. 2018? 11? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 4? 26?? ???.

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