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?? ???(European Union law, EU?)? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??(Directive), ??(Regulation), ??(Decision)??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ?? ?2??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??. ???????(Court of Justice)? ???, ????? ? "???? ??? ?? ??(a new legal order of international law)"? ????.^[1] ????? ?? ??? '????? ?? ??(Treaty on European Union)'? '????? ??? ?? ??(Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union)'??, ??? ?? 28? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??? ????? "??? ??? ??"? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.^[2] ???? ??(Parliament)? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????(European Commission)? ????? ????, ?????(Council of European Union)? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???????(Court of Justice)? ????(rule of law)? ??(human rights)? ????? ??. ???????(Court of justice)? ???, ????? "?? ??? ??"?? ??? ?? ?? ???, "??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?"? ??? ??.

??

?? ????? ???? ??(Constitutional law)? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ????(political body)? ?? ???? ????? "????(constitute)" ???? ??? ??. ????? ?? ??? ??(sources)? '????? ?? ??(Treaty on European Union)'? '????? ??? ?? ??(Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union)'??. ? ?? ?? 28? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????. ? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??(Directives) ?? ??(Regulations)? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??. ?????(European Commission)? ????? ??? ? ??. ???? ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????(Council)? ???? ?? ??? ????(European Parliament)? ??? ???? ??? ? ??, ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?????(Commission)? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????(Council of European Union)? ???? ???? ????(European council)? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ?????(Commissioners)? ??????(European Central Bank)? ???? ????. ???? ???(European Court of Justice)? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??(can review the legality of the EU institutions' actions), ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ??.

??

????? ?? ??(Treaty on European Union, 'TEU')? ????? ??? ?? ??(Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 'TFEU')? ?????? ?? ??(sources)??.

??

↑ Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963) Case 26/62
↑ ????? ?? ??(Treaty on European Union) ?50? ?1?. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??(Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements). ?2?. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????(European Council)? ? ??? ???? ??. ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??(framework)? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ??. ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?218? ?3?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? ????? ????, ?, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? Council? ???? ?? ????? ??(A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament). ?3?. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?2?? ?? ?? 2?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?, ???? ????(European Council)? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??(The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period). ?4?. ?2?? ?3?? ?? ?????, ???? ????(European Council)? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? Council? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? Council? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ?238? ?3? ?b?? ???? ????(For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European Council or Council or in decisions concerning it. A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). ?5?. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??, ?49?? ??? ??? ??? ??(If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the procedure referred to in Article 49).

?? ??

????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

(??) EUR-Lex - online access to existing and proposed European Union legislation
(??) eur-lex.europa.eu ??? 2025-08-06 - ??? ??, Treaties
(??) Summaries of EU legislation
(??) Evolution of European Union legislation

[1] Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (1963) Case 26/62

[2] ????? ?? ??(Treaty on European Union) ?50? ?1?. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??(Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements). ?2?. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????(European Council)? ? ??? ???? ??. ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??(framework)? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ??. ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?218? ?3?? ???? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? ????? ????, ?, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? Council? ???? ?? ????? ??(A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention. In the light of the guidelines provided by the European Council, the Union shall negotiate and conclude an agreement with that State, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. That agreement shall be negotiated in accordance with Article 218(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It shall be concluded on behalf of the Union by the Council, acting by a qualified majority, after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament). ?3?. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?2?? ?? ?? 2?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?, ???? ????(European Council)? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??(The Treaties shall cease to apply to the State in question from the date of entry into force of the withdrawal agreement or, failing that, two years after the notification referred to in paragraph 2, unless the European Council, in agreement with the Member State concerned, unanimously decides to extend this period). ?4?. ?2?? ?3?? ?? ?????, ???? ????(European Council)? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? Council? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? Council? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ?238? ?3? ?b?? ???? ????(For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 3, the member of the European Council or of the Council representing the withdrawing Member State shall not participate in the discussions of the European Council or Council or in decisions concerning it. A qualified majority shall be defined in accordance with Article 238(3)(b) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union). ?5?. ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??, ?49?? ??? ??? ??? ??(If a State which has withdrawn from the Union asks to rejoin, its request shall be subject to the procedure referred to in Article 49).

[1]

[2]

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